Types of heart failure-conditions that causes heart failure-knowhow512

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Types of Heart Failure

There are two main types of heart failure:

Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction (HFrEF—sometimes called contractile heart failure):

·         The contractile force of the heart weakens, and the proportion of blood that has returned to the heart and is pumped out decreases. Therefore, more blood collects in the heart. In addition, blood will collect in the lungs and veins.

Heart Failure with preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF—sometimes called heart failure with preserved ejections):

·         The stiffening of the heart prevents it from expanding sufficiently after contraction, which reduces its ability to take in blood. Because the heart contracts normally, the same proportion of blood as normal can be pumped out of the ventricles. Occasionally, a stiff heart will pump. blood at a higher rate than normal to compensate for the reduced ability to take in blood. Eventually, however, similar to contractile heart failure, blood that should return to the heart collects in the lungs and veins.

The percentage of blood pumped from the heart in a single heartbeat is called the ejection fraction, which is an indicator of the pumping function of the heart. The normal ejection fraction of the left ventricle is about 55-60%.

Heart failure: Abnormal Pumping and Filling

Under normal conditions, the heart expands to take in the blood (diastole) and contracts to pump blood throughout the body (systole). Of the four chambers (heart chambers) that make up the heart, the left and right ventricles are mainly responsible for blood pumping. Heart failure due to systolic dysfunction (heart failure with reduced ejection fraction) usually results from the inability of the heart to contract normally. In that case, blood can be taken in, but the taken in the blood cannot be sufficiently pumped out because the heart muscle (heart muscle) is weakened or the heart valve is dysfunctional. .. As a result, less blood is pumped to the whole body and lungs, and the ventricles usually expand (enlarge). Heart failure due to diastolic dysfunction (heart failure with preserved ejection fraction) occurs because the heart muscle becomes stiff (especially the left ventricle) and the heart cannot draw enough blood. As a result, blood collects in the blood vessels of the left atrium and Lungs, Causing Congestion. However, Even In This Situation, The Ratio Of The Amount Of Blood Taken Up By The Heart To The Amount Of Blood Pumped May Remain Normal (Although The Total Amount Of Blood Pumped Will Decrease). The atrium and ventricle always contain a certain amount of blood, but in this figure, the thickness of the arrow indicates that the amount of blood that goes in and out with each beat is different.

Cause

The causes of heart failure are often categorized as follows:

·         Diseases that directly affect the heart (cardiogenic)

·         Diseases of other parts of the body that indirectly affect the heart (non-cardiogenic)

Some illnesses cause heart failure rapidly, while others cause heart failure over the years. Some diseases cause contractile heart failure, others cause diastolic heart failure, and high blood pressure and some valvular heart disease (heart valve disease) causes both types of heart failure.

Cardiogenic Conditions that cause Heart Failure

Heart disease that causes contractile heart failure damages all or part of the heart. Heart failure is often a combination of multiple factors.

The common cardiogenic conditions that cause heart failure are:

·         Coronary artery disease

Because oxygen is required for the heart muscle to contract normally, coronary artery disease causes extensive myocardial damage when the flow of oxygen-rich blood is reduced. Occlusion of the coronary arteries can also cause a heart attack that can cause serious damage to part of the heart muscle. As a result, the damaged part of the myocardium cannot contract normally.

Other cardiogenic conditions include:

·         Myocarditis (inflammation of heart muscle)

·         Some drugs (eg, some chemotherapeutic drugs)

·         Some toxins (eg alcohol)

·         Valvular heart disease

·         Abnormal traffic between heart chambers (eg, ventricular septal defect)

·         Diseases that affect the conduction system of the heart and cause arrhythmias

·         Some hereditary diseases

·         Illness that makes the heart stiff

Myocarditis(inflammation of the heart) caused by infections such as bacteria and viruses causes damage to all or part of the heart muscle and reduces cardiac function.

Drugs used to treat cancer and certain toxic substances (such as alcohol) can also damage the heart muscle.

Valvular Heart Disease

This type of disease is also a cause of heart failure. Become. Is a disease in which the opening of the valve of the heart is narrowed (narrowing), blocking the blood flow through the heart and causing blood to flow back into the valve. Both stenoses of the valve and regurgitation of blood put a heavy burden on the heart, so the heart gradually expands and cannot contract sufficiently.

Abnormal passages in the wall that separate the left and right sides of the heart (such asventricular septal defect) increase the burden on the heart due to blood recirculation in the heart, which can result in heart failure.

Diseases that impair the conduction system of the heart (see the figure "Conduction Paths of Electrical Stimulation in the Heart ") can also cause heart failure due to long-term changes in the heartbeat (especially arrhythmias such as tachycardia). .. When the heartbeat becomes abnormal, the heart cannot pump enough blood.

Hereditary disorders affect some of the hearts and cause heart failure. For Example, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Causes myocardial weakness (Along with many other muscles). Down'S syndrome can cause birth defects in the heart.

Heart failure can be caused by abnormalities that harden the walls of the heart, such as infiltration and infection. For example, in amyloidosis in tropical countries, certain parasites can get inside the heart muscle and cause heart failure (In tropical countries, certain parasites can get inside the heart muscle and cause heart failure . such as Chagas disease ), which also happens in young people.

In constrictive pericarditis, the sac-like membrane that surrounds the heart (pericardium) becomes stiff, blocking blood flow, even if the heart is healthy.

Do you know?

·         Heart failure does not mean that the heart stops. It means that the heart can no longer maintain the required function. ·         Heart failure is usually a chronic illness, so lifestyle-related changes can reduce symptoms and improve function.

Non-cardiogenic pathology that causes heart failure

The most common non-cardiogenic conditions that cause heart failure are:

·         Under-treated hypertension

High blood pressure puts a lot of strain on the heart because it has to pump blood into the arteries to resist higher blood pressure than normal. As a result, the walls of the heart become thicker (hypertrophied) and harder. Diabetes and obesity are also causes of stiffening of the walls of the ventricles.

With aging, the walls of the heart also become stiff. The combination of high blood pressure, obesity, and diabetes is common in the elderly, and heart failure is especially common in the elderly because of the addition of age-related hardening of the heart wall.

The less common non-cardiogenic conditions that cause heart failure are:

·         Increased blood pressure in the arteries leading to the lungs (pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary embolism)

·         anemia

·         Thyroid disease

·         kidney failure

·         Some medicines

In some lung diseases, such as pulmonary hypertension, As a result, the right part of the heart, which supplies blood to the lungs, is more strained. Eventually, a condition called cor pulmonale develops the right ventricle. expands, and right heart failure occurs.

One or more blood clots suddenly and usually completely occlude the pulmonary artery ( pulmonary embolism ), which can cause rapid difficulty in pumping blood to the pulmonary artery, which can lead to right heart failure.

AnemiaRed blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body. In anemia, the amount of oxygen that the blood can carry is reduced. , so the heart must contract more violently to supply the tissues with the same amount of oxygen as normal.

In hyperthyroidism(a disease in which the thyroid gland becomes overactive ), the heart is overstimulated and beats too fast, so that each beat does not allow enough blood to drain from the atrium or ventricle. ), muscles throughout the body maintain normal function due to thyroid hormones, resulting in the weakening of all muscles, including the heart.

In renal failure eventually, when the heart exceeds its limits, it leads to heart failure. Eventually, when the heart exceeds its limits, it leads to heart failure.

Some drugs, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, can cause water retention in the body, thereby increasing the strain on the heart and causing heart failure.

Aging-related notes: Causes of heart failure in the elderly

Aging itself does not cause heart failure. However, older people are more likely to have common causes of heart failure, such as long-standing high blood pressure and heart attacks due to coronary artery disease. There are two types of illnesses that cause heart failure: These illnesses interfere with the following heart functions: ·         Take in blood ·         Pump out blood In the elderly, abnormalities in the ability to take in the blood (called diastolic dysfunction) and to pump blood (called contractile dysfunction) are as frequent. Problems with the ability to take in blood Problems with the ability to take in the blood are caused by the stiffening of the walls of the ventricles. As a result, the ventricles cannot take in the blood normally and can only pump a small amount of blood. As you get older, your heart muscle tends High blood pressure thickens and hardens the heart muscle, which can cause problems with the ability to take blood. To become stiffer, which increases your chances of heart failure due to problems with your ability to take blood. Problems with the ability to take blood have other causes besides stiffening the heart. In the case of atrial fibrillation(arrhythmia that becomes more common with aging), the heart beats quickly and irregularly. As a result, the atrium cannot send enough blood to the ventricles. Atrial fibrillation occurs suddenly in the elderly and can lead to heart failure. Problems with the ability to pump blood Problems with the ability to pump blood are usually caused by damage to the heart muscle. A damaged heart can pump less blood, increasing pressure in the heart and expanding the atria and ventricles. The most common cause of heart damage in the elderly is a heart attack due to a blockage in the arteries that supply blood to the heart. Valvular heart disease also causes problems with the ability to pump blood. In aortic stenosis(a type of valvular heart disease), the opening between the left ventricle and the aorta (aortic valve) narrows. As a result, the burden on the heart as it pumps blood increases. Aortic stenosis is a common cause of heart failure in the elderly. Prolonged lung disease, such as emphysema or scarring (pulmonary fibrosis), increases blood pressure in the lungs. As a result, it becomes difficult for the right ventricle to pump blood to the lungs.